This volume argues that contemporary narratives resist such influences and evince a great deal of resilience by promoting an ecology of attention based on poetic options that develop an ethics of the particularist type. The contributors draw on critical and theoretical literature hailing from various fields: including psychology and sociology, but more prominently phenomenology, political philosophy, analytical philosophy (essentially Ordinary Language Philosophy), alongside the Ethics of Care and Vulnerability. This volume is designed as an innovative contribution to the nascent field (...) of the study of attention in literary criticism, an area that is full of potential. Its scope is wide, as it embraces a great deal of the Anglophone world, with Britain, Ireland, the USA, but also Australia and even Malta. Its chapters focus on well-established authors, like Kazuo Ishiguro (whose work is revisited here in a completely new light) or more confidential ones like Melissa Harrison or Sarah Moss. (shrink)

Four experiments examined the strategies that individuals develop in sentential reasoning. They led to the discovery of five different strategies. According to the theory proposed in the paper, each of the strategies depends on component tactics, which all normal adults possess, and which are based on mental models. Reasoners vary their use of tactics in ways that have no deterministic account. This variation leads different individuals to assemble different strategies, which include the construction of incremental diagrams corresponding to mental models, (...) and the pursuit of the consequences of a single model step by step. Moreover, the difficulty of a problem (i.e., the number of mental models required by the premises) predisposes reasoners towards certain strategies. Likewise, the sentential connectives in the premises also bias reasoners towards certain strategies, e.g., conditional premises tend to elicit reasoning step by step whereas disjunctive premises tend to elicit incremental diagrams. (shrink)

In many experimental sciences, like particle physics or molecular biology, the proper place for establishing facts is the laboratory. In the sciences of population biology, however, the laboratory is often seen as a poor approximation of what occurs in nature. Results obtained in the field are usually more convincing. This raises special problems: it is much more difficult to obtain stable, repeatable results in the field, where environmental conditions vary out of the experimenter’s control, than in the laboratory. We examine (...) here how this problem affected an influential experimental research tradition in community ecology, the study of the ecology of the rocky seashores. In the 1960s, a handful of North-American ecologists, most notably Joseph Connell, Robert Paine and Paul Dayton, made the rocky seashores a model study system for experimenting in the field. Their experiments were deceptively simple: they removed species living on the seashore and described the resulting effects on the local ecology. These experiments exerted a deep influence on community ecology. They provided evidence for speculative developments concerning the theory of interspecific competition, the factors responsible for species richness and the ecology of food webs. They also stimulated novel conceptual developments. In particular, Paine developed the predation hypothesis, which states that the presence of predators can favour species richness, before introducing the keystone species concept, according to which some species exert disproportionate effects on ecological systems. More broadly, these experiments gave support to a methodological trend in favour of field experimentation. Only controlled perturbations in the field, it seemed, provided a reliable method to get insights into the structure of ecological communities. However, as experiments were continued in time and repeated in different sites, divergent results appeared. We analyse here how intertidal researchers coped with the variability of environmental conditions and tried to stabilize their results. In the process, they reconsidered not only their early conclusions, but also the exclusive status given to field experiments. Expanding on this case study, we discuss some significant differences between laboratory and field experiments. (shrink)

The United States Food and Drug Administration , in collaboration with pharmaceutical manufacturers, have recently implemented a heavily revised risk-management program for patients on isotretinoin , a drug with known and pronounced teratogenic effects. This revised risk management plan places significant burdens on both providers and patients in the hopes of achieving its goal of reducing fetal exposure to isotretinoin. The main focus of this paper is to discuss the burdens of various aspects of the program in relationship to potential (...) corresponding benefits. In particular, we evaluate the pregnancy rates of women on isotretinoin therapy compared with that of the general population and the rate changes based on the risk management programs. Additionally, we investigate whether the benefits of the program for women have increased as the benefits have risen. We devote special attention to the ethical implications of the intent of the program and to an analysis of the ethical justification of the restrictions placed on women of childbearing potential as it compares to the risk-benefit relationship of using isotretinoin. (shrink)

Four experiments examined the strategies that individuals develop in sentential reasoning. They led to the discovery of five different strategies. According to the theory proposed in the paper, each of the strategies depends on component tactics, which all normal adults possess, and which are based on mental models. Reasoners vary their use of tactics in ways that have no deterministic account. This variation leads different individuals to assemble different strategies, which include the construction of incremental diagrams corresponding to mental models, (...) and the pursuit of the consequences of a single model step by step. Moreover, the difficulty of a problem (i.e., the number of mental models required by the premises) predisposes reasoners towards certain strategies. Likewise, the sentential connectives in the premises also bias reasoners towards certain strategies, e.g., conditional premises tend to elicit reasoning step by step whereas disjunctive premises tend to elicit incremental diagrams. (shrink)

Significant life events tend to cause transformational change, but most narratives in agriculture focus on how negative life events such as death, bankruptcy, and health problems have created change. International experiences can be positive, significant life events. Transformational tourism has been shown to change travelers’ behavior. Therefore, we propose to examine the perceived outcomes of international experiences by agricultural leadership alums. Unstructured interviews with 36 agricultural leadership alums from IFYE, Nuffield, and LEAD Nebraska with distinctive international experiences were interviewed. The (...) international experiences varied in purpose, time abroad, cultural immersion, structured travel, and independent study. This study answers the following questions: (1) How does international travel for producers lead to transformation? (2) How does international travel support behavior change? Data show the international experiences were impactful and transformative due to two processes that occurred during the international experience. First, agricultural leadership participants experienced disorienting events that forced them to reconsider and reject their current mental models of the agricultural system. Second, experiential learning through visiting farms, meeting producers, and spending time reflecting on what they were experiencing with their peers allowed the participants to rebuild their mental models and be inclusive of the broader agricultural system. During these two processes, the participants’ attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavior control of new agricultural practices, sustainable agriculture, and possible options within the agricultural system expanded. Short-term international experiences were an important gateway to further international experiences. Longer-term international experiences that involved independent study, cultural immersion, and global network development supported the adoption of sustainable agriculture through perceived attitudes, social norms, and behavioral control. To support transformational change in the agricultural system, we need as many tools as possible to support practitioners. International experiences provide a tool to support transformational change. (shrink)

INTRODUCTION JEAN-MICHEL GANTEAU AND SUSANA ONEGA The rise of trauma theory in the critical field is a recent phenomenon associated with the revival of ...

Les livres qui proposent, en littérature, des lectures phénoménologiques et, en phénoménologie, des lectures littéraires, comme ceux qui, plus généralement en philosophie, engagent des phénoménologies de la littérature ou de l'œuvre littéraire sont aussi nombreux que ceux qui interrogent la phénoménologie et la littérature, ou la littérature et la phénoménologie. Ce volume, unique en son genre, a pris une option très spécifique, qui est une sorte de perspectivisme : interroger la position d'entre-deux du phénoménologue et, à travers lui en sa (...) fonction de 'décrivant', la posture de la phénoménologie entre - voire à l'intersection de - la philosophie et la littérature. À cette dimension concernant la matière et la méthode de la démarche, il s'en ajoute toutefois une autre : ce livre est le fruit d'une collaboration internationale, entre des phénoménologues belges, français et péruviens qui tous ont œuvré pour que la phénoménologie use de ses lettres de noblesse dans le champ des littératures. Et ils le font dans le cadre d'une démarche interdisciplinaire car ils sollicitent les apports des neurosciences, de l'herméneutique, des arts tels la peinture, le cinéma ou encore la poésie, mais aussi les enjeux de réflexion éthique. Avec ce volume, riche par sa diversité et par sa portée interculturelle, ce sont en trois universités qui portent un projet rigoureusement collaboratif : l'UC Louvain de Louvain-la-Neuve, en Belgique, l'Universidad del Pacífico et la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú de Lima, au Pérou. Par conséquent, il est aussi évident que ces rapports entre phénoménologie et littérature se disent linguistiquement au carrefour des cultures francophone, hispanophone et aussi anglophone."--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

Four experiments examined the strategies that individuals develop in sentential reasoning. They led to the discovery of five different strategies. According to the theory proposed in the paper, each of the strategies depends on component tactics, which all normal adults possess, and which are based on mental models. Reasoners vary their use of tactics in ways that are not deterministic. This variation leads different individuals to assemble different strategies, which include the construction of incremental diagram corresponding to mental models, and (...) the pursuit of the consequences of a single model step by step. Moreover, the difficulty of a problem (i.e. the number of mental models required by the premises) predisposes reasoners towards certain strategies. Likewise, the sentential connectives in the premises also bias reasoners towards certain strategies, e.g., conditional premises tend to elicit reasoning step by step whereas disjunctive premises tend to elicit incremental diagrams. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Narrative Symposium:Conflicting Interests in MedicineLaura Jean Bierut, Sal Cruz-Flores, Laura E. Hodges, Anthony A. Mikulec, Govind K. Nagaldinne, Erine L. Bakanas, John F. Peppin, Joel S. Perlmutter, William H. Seitz Jr., Edward Diao, Andre N. Sofair, and David M. Zientek• To Recruit or Not to Recruit for a Clinical Trial• An Unexpected Lesson• Am I on call for the entire Midwest?• Why is Medicare Wasting Away?• The Downside (...) of the Informed Consent Juggernaut• Expert Testimony at the Food and Drug Administration: Who Wants the Truth?• Crossroads: The Intersection of Personal, Professional Society, and Industry Relationships• A Change of Heart• The Evolution of Conflicts of Interest in a New Subspecialty: A Case Study of the Development of Interventional CardiologyCopyright © 2011 The Johns Hopkins University Press... (shrink)

Web-based platforms play an increasingly important role in managing and sharing research data of all types and sizes. This article presents a case study of the data storage, sharing, and management platform Figshare. We argue that such platforms are displacing and reconfiguring the infrastructure of norms, technologies, and institutions that underlies traditional scholarly communication. Using a theoretical framework that combines infrastructure studies with platform studies, we show that Figshare leverages the platform logic of core and complementary components to re-integrate a (...) presently splintered scholarly infrastructure. By means of this logic, platforms may provide the path to bring data inside a scholarly communication system still optimized mainly for text publications. Yet the platform strategy also risks turning over critical scientific functions to private firms whose longevity, openness, and corporate goals remain uncertain. It may amplify the existing trend of splintering infrastructures, with attendant effects on equity of service. (shrink)

La pensée du cinéma ne rencontre d'ordinaire Jean-François Lyotard, dans ses textes sur le cinéma ou non, que par le biais de deux activateurs : l'acinéma et le figurai. Ces deux activateurs, au demeurant, sont fortement représentatifs de la position paradoxale de Lyotard pour les études cinématographiques : si l'acinéma a été le plus souvent critiqué pour sa radicalité voire son sectarisme, n'ayant de fait guère de postérité, il en va tout autrement du figurai, lequel a trouvé dans les (...) films un terrain fertile d'investigation. Tout autant représentative est la méconnaissance en théorie du cinéma de nombreux autres textes de Lyotard portant sur le cinéma ou sur des films, et dont on ne parle jamais, ainsi que de sa philosophie postérieure à sa période libidinale, qui ne semble pas avoir encore trouvé d'échos particuliers en régime filmique. Le présent ouvrage fait précisément le pari de ces deux directions. A partir d'un autre Lyotard, ou du même mais envisagé très différemment, se dessinera progressivement une possibilité de penser le cinéma qui ne devra plus rien au figurai, à l'abstrait ou à l'expérimental, dont Lyotard le premier a fini par revenir, mais qui, singulièrement, ouvrira à une originale théorie du cinéma figuratif. " Méfiance envers les figuratifs quand ils ont de l'âme ", peut-on lire dans Que peindre?... (shrink)

Les douze etudes reunies ici sur Jean Scot Erigene, philosophe irlandais du IXe siecle qui redecouvrit plusieurs intuitions originales du neoplatonisme, constituent les derniers travaux de Jean Trouillard. Apres sa these sur la procession et la purification plotinienne, et a la suite de ses traductions et commentaires de Proclus, il preparait un ouvrage sur Jean Scot qui ne vit jamais le jour. Or, ce que la lecture des esquisses de cette oeuvre laissee en suspens nous apprend, c'est (...) que ce passage a Erigene a ete aussi decisif que celui qui l'avait conduit de Plotin a Proclus. La ou il etait possible de craindre une fixation du mouvement de la pensee neoplatonicienne dans les divisions steriles d'une theologie apologetique, Trouillard nous montre qu'il est au contraire impossible de reduire Jean Scot a la seule problematique categoriale qui ouvre le Periphyseon. Erigene constitue un jalon essentiel dans la latinisation du neoplatonisme ou se manifeste avec une force nouvelle la rigueur systematique d'un courant encore trop ignore, porteur d'un paradigme metaphysique qui n'a pourtant jamais ete aussi necessaire qu'aujourd'hui. (shrink)

Al-Šahrastānī, who confronts Avicenna in several of his works, devoted an entire work to criticizing him, the title of which was The Struggle against the Philosophers. Although unfinished, it nevertheless includes five “questions” out of the seven which its author had foreseen. These concern themes fundamental for philosophy and theology: being, God, the world and its creation. The method according to which al-Šahrastānī deals with them is both radical - he is well aware of the central and sensitive points of (...) Avicenna's philosophy, in particular the status of the first emanated Intelligence - and analytical, as it submits Avicenna's technical terms to a rigorous semantic examination, and takes apart those which have the form of syntagmas. The foundation of this merciless refutation is adherence to prophecy, as opposed to the attitude of the philosophers. (shrink)

Jean-Marie Straub – Je ne vais pas vous faire de grand discours. Ce n’est pas moi qui ai décidé que je présenterai les films de la carte blanche. On m’a dit : il faut faire une carte blanche. La carte blanche, je l’ai faite exprès limitée. J’ai même limité la limitation. Quand on veut se faire beau et qu’on fait des cartes blanches et qu’on est un peu connu, on essaie ou bien un éventail, ou bien on dit : (...) je veux rien d’autre que tous les films de Stroheim par exemple. J’ai fait ça à Avignon... (shrink)

Extensive research has demonstrated that rs1360780, a common single nucleotide polymorphism within the FKBP5 gene, interacts with early-life stress in predicting psychopathology. Previous results suggest that carriers of the TT genotype of rs1360780 who were exposed to child abuse show differences in structure and functional activation of emotion-processing brain areas belonging to the salience network. Extending these findings on intermediate phenotypes of psychopathology, we examined if the interaction between rs1360780 and child abuse predicts resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) between the amygdala (...) and other areas of the salience network. We analyzed data of young European adults from the general population (N = 774; mean age = 18.76 years) who took part in the IMAGEN study. In the absence of main effects of genotype and abuse, a significant interaction effect was observed for rsFC between the right centromedial amygdala and right posterior insula (p <.025, FWE-corrected), which was driven by stronger rsFC in TT allele carriers with a history of abuse. Our results suggest that the TT genotype of rs1360780 may render individuals with a history of abuse more vulnerable to functional changes in communication between brain areas processing emotions and bodily sensations, which could underlie or increase the risk for psychopathology. (shrink)

BackgroundIn the Canadian Alliance for Healthy Hearts and Minds (CAHHM) cohort, participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain, heart, and abdomen, that generated incidental findings (IFs). The approach to managing these unexpected results remain a complex issue. Our objectives were to describe the CAHHM policy for the management of IFs, to understand the impact of disclosing IFs to healthy research participants, and to reflect on the ethical obligations of researchers in future MRI studies.MethodsBetween 2013 and 2019, 8252 participants (...) (mean age 58 ± 9 years, 54% women) were recruited with a follow-up questionnaire administered to 909 participants (40% response rate) at 1-year. The CAHHM policy followed a restricted approach, whereby routine feedback on IFs was not provided. Only IFs of severe structural abnormalities were reported.ResultsSevere structural abnormalities occurred in 8.3% (95% confidence interval 7.7–8.9%) of participants, with the highest proportions found in the brain (4.2%) and abdomen (3.1%). The majority of participants (97%) informed of an IF reported no change in quality of life, with 3% of participants reporting that the knowledge of an IF negatively impacted their quality of life. Furthermore, 50% reported increased stress in learning about an IF, and in 95%, the discovery of an IF did not adversely impact his/her life insurance policy. Most participants (90%) would enrol in the study again and perceived the MRI scan to be beneficial, regardless of whether they were informed of IFs. While the implications of a restricted approach to IF management was perceived to be mostly positive, a degree of diagnostic misconception was present amongst participants, indicating the importance of a more thorough consent process to support participant autonomy.ConclusionThe management of IFs from research MRI scans remain a challenging issue, as participants may experience stress and a reduced quality of life when IFs are disclosed. The restricted approach to IF management in CAHHM demonstrated a fair fulfillment of the overarching ethical principles of respect for autonomy, concern for wellbeing, and justice. The approach outlined in the CAHHM policy may serve as a framework for future research studies.Clinical trial registrationhttps://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/nct02220582. (shrink)

Virtue and the Moral Life brings together distinguished philosophers and theologians with younger scholars of consummate promise to produce ten essays that engage both academics and students of ethics. This collection explores the role virtues play in identifying the good life and the good society.

Virtue and the Moral Life brings together distinguished philosophers and theologians with younger scholars of consummate promise to produce ten essays that engage both academics and students of ethics. This collection explores the role virtues play in identifying the good life and the good society.

Le but de l’article est double. Il s’agit d’abord de présenter la position du maître ès arts Jean de Jandun (m. 1328) concernant les rapports entre métaphysique et politique, puis d’indiquer comment sa solution, fondée sur l’idée d’un agir « en intention seconde », en fait l’héritier d’Averroès et, plus lointainement, de la doctrine de la providence d’Alexandre d’Aphrodise. Si le philosophe doit occuper un rang fondamental dans la cité en tant qu’il enseigne au prince ce qu’il faut savoir (...) de Dieu, cette fonction ne le subordonne aucunement puisqu’il n’est en vue des autres que secunda intentione. Comment Jean de Jandun l’explicite-t-il? Et que doit-il au providentialisme métaphysique de ses prédécesseurs grec et arabe? C’est à cela que l’article est consacré. (shrink)

Résistance(s) réunit un ensemble de contributions scientifiques originales émanant de chercheurs en sciences humaines et sociales et consacré à la ou aux résistance(s). La résistance décrit les capacités de refus, d'évitement et d'adaptation développées par les acteurs lorsqu'ils sont confrontés à une imposition externe ou à une injonction institutionnelle. Elle se présente comme une interprétation des refus, des éventuelles ruses voire des conflits ouverts qui s'expriment dans une telle situation ; cette interprétation diffère cependant de sa simple manifestation dans la (...) mesure où elle recadre la rationalité et le bien-fondé de l'action ou de la réaction. Il n'est plus question d'y voir l'immaturité d'une population ou le sous-développement d'une nation incapable d'offrir une réponse adéquate à une tension du monde ou à une décision dont elles seraient l'objet. Au contraire, cette réponse est analysée comme pertinente dans le cadre précis de cette population ou de cette nation: ramener l'interaction à son cadre, intégrer dans sa perception les logiques endogènes qui ont présidé à son élaboration, affirmer la simple présence de telles logiques, c'est-à-dire d'une telle cohérence, revient à accepter l'idée même de cette résistance qui, intrinsèquement, exprime ainsi l'existence et la reconnaissance d'une réelle diversité."--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

La critique du dualisme cartésien, c’est-à-dire du mythe de l’intériorité, a été menée à partir de deux positions philosophiques. La première cherche à réduire l’état mental à l’état neuronal défini par ses propriétés neurologiques et l’autre, celle de Wittgenstein, tente de faire disparaître le mystère des relations entre la pensée et le cerveau par une critique grammaticale du langage. La notion de survol absolu, notion centrale de la philosophie de Ruyer, permet de développer une conception non matérialiste de l’identité entre (...) état cérébral et état mental. De plus, cette conception montre que l’intériorité de l’état mental ne saurait être réduite à une erreur de catégorie. Mais cette thèse de l’identité de la conscience et du corps nécessite de développer une perspective radicalement nouvelle permettant de concevoir une conscience « étendue ». (shrink)

Erasme l'avançait : «On ne naît pas humain, on le devient.» Mais comment peut-on le devenir? Quelles évolutions, quelles contraintes doit-on accepter, dès l'enfance puis tout au long de son existence, pour pouvoir vivre véritablement comme un homme? Et en quoi la société dans laquelle nous vivons favorise-t-elle ou empêche-t-elle ce parcours vers l'humanisation? Autant de questions que Jean-Pierre Lebrun travaille à clarifier depuis de très nombreuses années. Refusant à la fois la nostalgie d'un passé idéalisé et d'être aveuglé (...) par les sirènes du «progrès», il se demande si nous sommes encore capables, voire soucieux, de désirer. Sachant que le désir, le propre de l'homme, a affaire au langage et au manque. Et qu'il se différencie de la jouissance, comblante et par là même mortifère. Or notre société dite néolibérale, imposant la recherche éperdue de ladite jouissance, confondant égalité et égalitarisme, affaiblissant la fonction paternelle au nom du rejet, certes légitime, du patriarcat, tend à dévaloriser tout ce qu'implique la condition humaine. Ce qui a des conséquences majeures, et très concrètes, qu'explore ici Jean-Pierre Lebrun, dans tous les domaines de la vie individuelle et collective : la politique, l'éducation, la culture, le psychisme et ses pathologies, mais aussi la vie conjugale ou les modes de consommation. Une réflexion profonde mais accessible, du point de vue de la psychanalyse, sur les problèmes cruciaux que doit affronter l'homme contemporain. (shrink)

Chasseur alpin sur le front italien, mon père revint, après la débâcle, dans le village méridional qu'il habitait, seul juif en ce lieu consacré à la vigne et au vin. Il rassembla alors ceux qui avec lui voulurent faire parvenir en Allemagne, aussi régulièrement que possible, des colis aux prisonniers. J'avais deux ans, puis trois, puis quatre. Je prends ici le relais avec un premier colis aux prisonniers de Dieu. Deux autres suivront : Schreber théologien (L'ingérence divine II) et Une (...) femme sans au-delà (L'ingérence divine III). Des fantômes du Dieu mort hantent certains lieux stratégiques de l'analyse, inhibent leur exploration, perturbent l'exercice analytique qui, par là, tourne court. On ne l'apprend ici qu'au prix de quelques détours, en allant visiter certains auteurs et artistes qui, tel Lacan, ne méconnaissent pas que "Dieu n'a pas encore fait son exit". (shrink)